On the empirics of violence, inequality, and income

Aim/purpose – This paper aims to examine with new empirical evidence the joint rela- tionships between violence, income inequality, and real per capita in a simulta- neous equation framework using worldwide sample at country level. Design/methodology/approach To several simultaneous relationships variables, this study uses Seemingly Unrelated Regression (SUR) Three-Stage Least Squares (3SLS) two-way fixed effects on linear system of regression equations. The data used for analysis are sourced from World Bank, SWIID inequality database, Penn Table. final estima- tions includes 110 countries period 1994 2019. Findings Based estimations, results confirm strong positive relationship violence inequality. Conversely, negative but non-robust relation- ship exists capita. Additionally, findings show that human capital based years schooling plays critical role reducing both violence. Research implications/limitations is sensitive size. institutional characterized by high levels democracy does not ensure itself reduction SUR model limited endogeneity variables. Instruments selected 3SLS previous lags endogenous no external instruments were used. Data availability also compromises extending estimations greater num- ber controls. Originality/value/contribution considers explicit behavior sample, which contrasts most traditional individual-type stud- ies samples. Furthermore, it provides importance existence Keywords: income, simultaneous, worldide. JEL Classification: O11, O50, F52